玻璃应变与退火2007/12/22
| Scientific Glassblowers fabricate simple to complex glass apparatus to be used under laboratory conditions - which can mean harsh chemical exposure, high and/or low pressures, and a host of other environments hostile to people and facilities.科学glassblowers编造简单到复杂，玻璃仪器可用于实验室条件下进行-这可能意味着苛刻的化学品接触，高和/或低压力，以及其他一系列的环境，敌视人民和设施。 An awareness of product design is essential as well as the integrity of the glass structure itself.认识到产品设计是必要的，因为作为完整的玻璃结构本身。 An element in product safety is the fabrication of stress or strain-free glass apparatus and systems.一个要素，产品安全是捏造的应力应变或无玻璃仪器和系统。 The following is a very basic introduction to glass strain and annealing.以下是一个很基本的介绍玻璃应变与退火。 |
| Blowing glass in the fabrication of scientific glassware involves the use of a torch or burner.吹制玻璃在制备科学玻璃器皿涉及使用火把或燃烧器。 The flame is adjusted to varying degrees of sharpness, ranging from a pinpoint for precision work, to a large bushy flame used for heating and forming broad areas. 火焰调整，以不同程度的尖锐性，包括从找准精密工作，在相当大的灌木丛火焰用于取暖和形成了广阔的空间。 |  |
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This process of heating, forming and cooling will introduce strain (often referred to as stress) into the glassware.这个过程中的加热，成型和冷却将引进应变（通常称为应力）进入玻璃器皿。 Invisible to the naked eye, the strain never-the-less is present and is a potential point of failure in the glass apparatus unless relieved.无形的，以肉眼，该品种在不停的少，是当前和是一个潜在的故障点，在玻璃器具，除非宽慰。 The amount of stress present will be determined by a number of factors including the intensity and size of the torch flame, glass wall thickness and the complexity of the seal itself.数额强调，目前将取决于多项因素，包括强度和规模的火炬火焰，玻璃墙厚度和复杂性密封本身。 The severity of the stress may be enough to cause glass failure.....sometimes while the glass piece is under construction! Many glassblowers严重的应力可能足以引起玻璃失败.....有时，而玻璃一块正在建设中！许多glassblowers hand-anneal the work during the fabrication process, with full furnace annealing prior to customer receipt.手持式退火工作，在制作过程中，充分炉退火前的顾客收据。 At no time should un-annealed glass apparatus be put into laboratory service.在任何时候，应联合国退火玻璃仪器投入实验室服务。 |
| An instrument used by glassblowers as an aid in detecting the presence of glass strain is known as a polariscope.一种工具用glassblowers作为辅助侦查在场的玻璃应变众所周知，作为偏光镜。 Briefly, the use of two polarized filters held in varying orientation produces a very visible stress pattern when viewed through the instrument.简单来说，使用两个偏振过滤器在不同方向产生非常明显的应力格局看时，通过该文书。 An excellent and detailed explanation of glass stress, strain and polarisers is found in:一个很好的，并详细地解释了玻璃的应力，应变及polarisers发现：
Manual of Scientific Glassblowing手册的科学glassblowing |
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The polariscope contains a light source in the base that houses one of the polarizing filters.该偏光镜包含光源，在基地房子其中的偏振滤镜。 The second filter is housed in an adjustable holder (smaller diameter window) on this particular unit.第二个过滤器是设在一个可调持有者（直径较小的窗口）就这一特定的单位。 Polariscopes are available in many forms, including battery operated as shown directly above. polariscopes可有许多形式，包括电池操作所示，直接以上。
The two close-up photographs below are samples of a typical stress pattern produced when making a "T" seal.两国密切跟进照片下面是样本中的一个典型的应力模式产生时，作一个" T "字印章。 This seal is normally made by holding the torch flame stationary, blowing out a hole in the main glass body to match a second tube (hose connection in this example).这种密封通常由控股火炬火焰平稳，吹制出一个洞，在主体玻璃机构，以配合第二管（软管连接在这个例子中） 。 The stress pattern mimics this heat zone.应力模式模仿了这种热区。 Color and line intensity can be changed by rotating one of the polarized filters, so caution is advised when "reading" the viewer.颜色和线强度是可以改变的，由旋转的一个极化滤波器，所以谨慎忠告时， "读出"了观众。 Best to assume the view indicates only stress - not necessarily the degree or intensity of the stress.最佳承担的观点表明，只强调-并不一定程度或强度的压力。 |
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| Relieving stresses in the glass can be performed by hand- annealing, which is a process of using a torch flame of diminishing intensity and size over time, slowly and evenly allowing the glass to return to room temperature.纾解压力，在玻璃可以由手持式退火，这是一个过程，用火炬的火焰减弱强度和规模随着时间的推移，慢慢地，并均匀地让玻璃恢复到室温．一个替代方案是用一个玻璃退火炉。 The bell-type furnace shown is programmable to allow a pre-determined ramp to annealing temperatures and cool down rate.该罩式炉显示可编程，使预先确定的坡道退火温度和降温速度。 |  |
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The finished glass product when viewed in the polariscope after annealing.成品的玻璃纤维产品的时候，看在偏光镜后退火。 |
